Proentgenofile step 3 stands for the package plots of land to own Lay step three

An average get are step 1.478 in the plosive position, 1.forty-five about fricative position, step 1.707 about nasal updates, and you can step 1.942 regarding the water status. The lowest area into the Table step 3 summarises the outcome out of modelling away from Put step three. The brand new standard is the latest fricative reputation, and we also compared brand new plosive against. fricative conditions, the latest nose compared to. fricative requirements, additionally the liquids vs. fricative criteria. Basic, the essential difference between the brand new plosive and fricative requirements was not credible, as the 95% CI on the coefficient estimate included no [?0.06, 0.09]. Second, the fresh new nasal compared to. fricative and you can water against. fricative contrasting showed that each of this new coefficient estimates were confident (? = 0.16) (nasal) and (? = 0.3) (liquid) and you will each of this new 95% CIs did not include no ([0.09, 0.24] (nasal) and you can [0.23, 0.38] (liquid)), and therefore suggesting one to nonce words which have nasals and you will drinking water have been judged to-be alot more kawaii labels as opposed to those that have fricatives.

Dialogue

The modern study indicated that (1) labial consonants are more likely to feel on the kawaii than simply coronal and you will dorsal consonants, (2) high-volume consonants will end up being in the kawaii than low-regularity consonants, and you can (3) h2o /?/ and you can nose /n/ are more inclined to be in the kawaii than fricative /z/ (and plosive /d/). This type of overall performance suggest that the spot-of-articulation function on the kawaii are [labial], and regularity element on the kawaii try [high-frequency]. The way in which-of-articulation ability demands then talk. As the consonant indicating the best mediocre rating are liquids /?/, we could think that fashion-of-articulation ability for the kawaii are [liquid]. But not, due to the fact Bayesian studies presented, nasal /n/ is far more likely to be associated with kawaii than just fricative /z/. Hence, we could ending that h2o and nasals, each of which are [sonorant], is actually of kawaii.

General talk

This study showed that the features of consonants associated with kawaii in Japanese are [labial], [high frequency], and [sonorant]. The motivations for the three features are briefly discussed below. The feature [labial] may be linked to a pouting gesture, that is, a gesture made using both lips can induce Japanese people to feel kawaii (Kumagai, 2020). The feature [labial] may also be linked to the image of babies, in that bilabial consonants are more frequent in the earlier phases of language acquisition (Kumagai and Kawahara, 2020). Thus, it can be said that consonants with feature [labial] can evoke the image of babies, at least in Japanese. The feature [high frequency] may stem from shortness, as the frequency code hypothesis states that high-frequency sounds are associated with smallness (Ohala, 1984, 1994). The feature [sonorant] may be connected to a number of observations on sound symbolic effects in names and shapes. Sonorants are better suited for female names or rounded shapes (Shinohara and Kawahara, 2013; Asano et al., 2015). To summarise, the factors associated with kawaii may include pouting gesture, babyishness, smallness, femininity, and roundness. It is interesting that some of these factors overlap with the factors noted by Kinsella (1995) for cute characters. She noted that ‘The essential anatomy of a cute cartoon character consists in its being small, soft, infantile, mammalian, round, without bodily appendages (e.g., arms), without bodily orifices (e.g., mouths), non-sexual, mute, insecure, helpless or bewildered’. (p. 226; emphasis mine). Taking the fact into consideration that Kinsella (1995) was published more than 25 years ago, it is inferred that something that evokes kawaii in the minds of Japanese speakers has not changed for at least 25 years.

As noted in the introduction section, it is well known that sound symbolism plays an important role in ; Klink and Wu, 2014). The exploration of what consonants are better suited for kawaii names is an interesting topic. Based on the above discussion, it is inferred that the consonants that induce the feeling of kawaii among Japanese people include /p/, /?/, and /m/, as the first consonant /p/ is specified with [labial] and [high frequency], the second consonant /?/ with [sonorant], and the third consonant /m/ with [labial] and [sonorant]. Based on his kawaii judgment experiment with Japanese speakers, Kumagai (2019) discusses whether /m/, in addition to /p/, is another consonant expressive of kawaii in Japanese, since his study results demonstrated that https://kissbrides.com/sv/meetme-recension/ fewest differences existed regarding average scores between nonce words with /p/ and those with /m/. In Japanese words or character names that seem to be associated with kawaii, we find examples that contain /p/, /?/, or /m/. For example, a mimetic word, or onomatopoeia, purupuru, is used to express something soft or something that trembles like jelly. We also find a cute character name pomupomu purin ‘Pom Pom Purin’, created by Sanrio. Moreover, Kawahara (2019) reported that bilabial consonants and /?/ are often used in girls’ names in a popular Japanese anime PreCure, broadcast since 2004. It is expected that these consonants will prove applicable in naming anime characters or products that are characterised by kawaii.