4 Location and you may thermal functions off acutely sizzling hot summers (EHS)

cuatro.step one EHS during 1951–1980

The only EHS covering at least three stations during the first half of the 60-year study period occurred in 1972. Observed at 16 stations, it covered vast areas of western Russia and some adjacent areas to the north (Fig. 1). Indeed, this exceptionally hot summer was spatially the second largest during the study period and in the northern half of the area examined it was the hottest (Table 4). During all three summer months, the average temperature was above the long-term average, but August was the hottest. In the central part of the area, this was the hottest August of the entire period. The temperature difference between the long-term average and the temperature of the particular season ranged from 2.3 to 2.7 °C in the far north, to 3.6–3.9 °C in the far south, to 4.5 °C at Tambov (t ? t _av + 3?). Days with a temperature higher than 30 °C were recorded even in the north, where they were very rare in other years, while in the south there were 50 such days (two to three times more than the average). In the south, there were also days with a maximum temperature greater than 35 °C. Throughout the area there were cases of hot nights, i.e., 24-h days with a minimum temperature higher than 20 °C, including for example six such days in Arhangel’sk (compared to 0.4 on average) and 17 in Voronez (normally 2.6).

These unusual thermal anomalies inside western Russia had been due to an effective quasi-stationary anticyclonic circulation (Bardin 2007). Recent research (Zveryaev mais aussi al. 2012) implies that the summer months regarding 1972 is characterised from the positive stage of one’s Northern Atlantic Oscillation.

cuatro.2 EHS while in the 1981–1990

This new exceptional summer for the year secured new central and you will east parts of Western european Russia (Fig. 2). The EHS is observed at the seven station, like the easternmost Ivdel’ (in which it had been the only real such summer within the several months) and you may Ekaterinburg. In the Kirov and Perm, it was the hottest summer of your period. The average sky heat over the city was more than the fresh new long-term average of the 2.5–step three.step 3 °C. Heat try greater than the new a lot of time-label mediocre in most three summer-time, but August is actually the actual only real incredibly hot day and just in the 1 / 2 of all the stations (including the preferred of the whole several months within the Ivdel’, Ekaterinburg and Perm), when you are Summer and July did not meet up with the traditional. Discover numerous months having a maximum heat more than 31 °C, particularly in the southern (20–twenty-five, an average of nine–11). Just regarding southwestern an element of the urban area, there have been weeks having minimum temperatures exceeding 20 °C (Desk 5).

The summer from 1988 is actually extremely sizzling hot and you may, as in 1981, heavens temperature defects protected main and you can east areas of European Russia, while the affected region was smaller related to simply four station (Fig. 2). During the about three north programs, this was the latest, as well as in happening out-of Kotlas, along with the merely EHS from the study several months. The essential difference between the average long-label while the EHS climate ranged off dos.step three to 3.1 °C along side town. July proved such as for instance sizzling hot (at specific programs the greatest of your own period). Just inside the Ekaterinburg did the latest temperature avoid lacking fulfilling the brand new criteria in just about any of your own days. There are over ten months that have an optimum heat more than 30 °C after all the programs, plus the brand new southern, the quantity are nearly 20 (versus anywhere between about three and you may half a dozen on average). Simply isolated instances of days with su Gana djevojke lijepe the very least temperatures over 20 °C was in fact registered in the southern area of your own affected area (Dining table 5).